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Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation as an adjuvant treatment for thoracolumbar acute hyperesthesia in chondrodystrophic dogs: a prospective blinded controlled clinical study
Débora Gouveia1, Ana Cardoso, Carla Carvalho, Marina Moisés, André Coelho, Maria Manuel Balça, Rui Alvites, Ana Colette Maurício, António Ferreira, and Ângela Martins DOI 10.3389/fpain.2025.1496607 Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is a non-invasive modality used to modulate pain via spinal gating, neurotransmitter changes, and activation of endogenous opioid pathways. This prospective, blinded, controlled clinical study evaluated the effectiveness of TENS as
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