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Forelimb muscle activity during level and progressive incline and decline walking in dogs and implications for rehabilitation
Rachel Mariël Cain, Kate Stanford, Marti Drum, Jim Richards, David Levine, Darryl Millis and Tena Ursini https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2025.1649009 This study evaluated forelimb muscle activity in clinically sound dogs during treadmill walking on level ground, inclines, and declines using surface and fine‑wire electromyography. Decline walking significantly increased average supraspinatus activity and both average and peak deltoideus activity compared with level and incline w
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